General Management Theories Free Essays

General Management Theories: There are four general administration hypotheses. 1. Frederick Taylor †Theory of Scientific Management. We will compose a custom exposition test on General Management Theories or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now 2. Henri Fayol †Administrative Management Theory. 3. Max Weber †Bureaucratic Theory of Management. 4. Elton Mayo †Behavioral Theory of Management (Hawthorne Effect). 1. Frederick Taylor’s Theory of Scientific Management. Taylor’s hypothesis of logical administration planned for, improving monetary proficiency, particularly work profitability. Taylor had a basic view about, what propelled individuals at work, †cash. He felt that, laborers ought to get a, reasonable day’s pay for a reasonable day’s work, and that pay, ought to be connected to the sum created. Thusly he presented the, DIFFERENTIAL PIECE RATE SYSTEM, of paying wages to the laborers. Taylor’s Differential Piece Rate Plan. In the event that Efficiency is more noteworthy than the characterized Standard, at that point laborers ought to be paid 120 % of Normal Piece Rate. In the event that Efficiency is not exactly standard, at that point laborers ought to be paid 80% of Normal Piece Rate. Standards of Scientific Management. Four Principles of Scientific Management are: 1. Time and movement study: †Study the manner in which employments are performed and find better approaches to do them. 2. Instruct, prepare and build up the laborer with improved strategies for accomplishing work. Classify the new techniques into rules. 3. Enthusiasm of boss ; workers ought to be completely orchestrated in order to make sure about commonly understanding relations between them. 4. Build up reasonable degrees of execution and pay a premium for better. 2. Henri Fayol’s Administrative Management Theory: Henri Fayol known as the Father Of Management set out the 14 standards of Management. †1. Division of Work. 2. Value. 3. Control. 4. Activity. 5. Authority and Responsibility. 6. Esprit De Corps. 7. Subjection of Individual Interest to General Interest. . Security of Tenure. 9. Compensation. 10. Solidarity of Direction. 11. Centralization. 12. Scalar Chain. 14. Solidarity of Command. 3. Max Weber’s Bureaucratic Theory Of Management Weber made a qualification among power and force. Weber accepted that force evokes dutifulness through power or the danger of power which actua tes people to hold fast to guidelines. As per Max Weber, there are three kinds of intensity in an association:- 1. Customary Power 2. Alluring Power 3. Bureaucratic Power or Legal Power. Highlights of Bureaucracy: 1. Division of Labor. 2. Formal Hierarchical Structure. 3. Choice dependent on Technical Expertise. 4. The executives by Rules. 5. Composed Documents. 6. Just Legal Power is Important. 7. Formal and Impersonal relations. 4. Elton Mayo’s Behavioral Theory of Management: Elton Mayo’s tests indicated an expansion in laborer profitability was delivered by the mental upgrade of being singled out, included, and caused to feel significant. Hawthorne Effect, can be summed up as â€Å"Employees will react decidedly to any novel change in workplace like better enlightenment, clean work stations, migrating workstations and so forth. Workers are progressively gainful in light of the fact that they realize they are being examined. Step by step instructions to refer to General Management Theories, Papers

Microsoft Office free essay sample

The associations structure alps to decide the division of assignments, the jobs and obligations of people inside the association, and the announcing lines of staff through their supervisors. At the point when the authoritative structure matches with the undertakings and the motivation behind the association, they are said to have accomplished a key fit where the association is working at significant levels of productivity and adequacy. Data innovation frameworks bolster associations by connecting the people inside them to encourage (1 ) correspondence, (2) dynamic, and (3) coordination.Information innovation Systems are structured by valuating the way of life of the association and understanding the progression of errands among people and between useful regions. Inside the IT framework plan, it is critical to consider what the different partners inside the association need of the framework, including how they need to interface with the framework and how their work is upheld by the framework. In todays unpredictable and interconnected reality where worldwide trade is upheld by all inclusive appropriated work, IT frameworks and information laborers are progressively expected to have the option to facilitate exercises across associations. The inward most firewall squares access into the intranet while permitting inside clients to get to the data on the servers. 3. What suggestions do you have for the future web based business server and sending with respect to physical area and back-end security for protection information and Mastercard information? I would put the web based business server in the DMZ with the private and Visa information put away inside the inner system. The business server will approach the private information and will pass it in a scrambled structure to and from whatever it needs to go. The online business server will be genuinely made sure about in the server room, conceivably with an additional bolted server bureau. 4. What suggestions do you need to make sure about the server ranch from unapproved get to? I would secure the servers in their own stay with keycard or unique mark get to as it were. Set up and perform reviews on every individual server. 5. In the event that the association actualized remote LAN (WLAN) innovation, what might you suggest in regards to the utilization of VPNs or encryption inside the inner system while getting to the server ranch? I suggest in regards to the utilization of VPNs or encryption inside the inward system while getting to the server ranch that IPsec is a decent alternative since all servers are contained in one physical area. 6. Present your Microsoft Power Point or Visio square outline with this Lab #8 †appraisal worksheet and your answers. 7. Present your Microsoft Word useful review archive alongside your square graph.

6 Awesome Anthologies in Paperback

6 Awesome Anthologies in Paperback If youre like me, when you hear anthology you probably think of Norton editions and  Best American  collections; you might even get flashbacks to college lit courses. But anthologies go far beyond academia, and several new collections published recently are going to change your mindâ€"and  turn you into  an anthology enthusiast. Like their single-authored cousin, the short-story collection, anthologies are finally getting their day in the sun. The best part about anthologies is how they bring together a diverse array of experiences, highlighting a range of voices on the same topic or theme. If one essay or short story doesnt speak to you in that moment, the next one will. Anthologies are particularly great if you dont have a ton of time to devote to one longer story. These collections are perfect for a quick read on your commute or in the doctors office.  And they are an excellent way to discover new-to-you authors! Below are a few recent collections, both  fiction and nonfiction, that are guaranteed to make you fall in love with anthologies. The Fire This Time: A New Generation Speaks about Race, edited by Jesmyn Ward Jesmyn Ward’s collection on race in America has to be at the top of this list. The contributors she has assembled all offer powerful and important perspectives, addressing history, current events, and the future in the form of essays, memoir, and poetry. Amazon calls it a surprise NYT bestseller, but its no surprise to fans of Ward and the authors assembled in this collection. I will be returning to reread this collection many, many times over the next few years. Nasty Women: Feminism, Resistance, and Revolution in Trumps America, edited by Samhita Mukhopadhyay and Kate Harding This anthology tackles head-on the misogyny, racism, ableism, and other forms of hatred favored by Donald Trumpâ€"and supported by the people who voted for him. It features both well-known and emerging contributors who represent diverse communities, including perspectives from people of color, LGBTQ communities, religious minorities, and many others. This uplifting response to the ongoing oppression elevated by the 2016 election is a must-readâ€"even if politics aren’t your jam. Here We Are: Feminism for the Real World, edited by Kelly Jensen This collection (from our own Kelly Jensen!) brings together writers, dancers, actors, and artists who contribute not only essays but also lists, poems, comics, and illustrations. I love the creativity of contributions! The book covers a range of topicsâ€"including body positivity, romance, gender identity, intersectionality, and fandomsâ€"to offer readers a variety of paths toward claiming their own feminism. Welcome Home: An Anthology on Love and Adoption, edited by Eric Smith Eric Smith’s (also of Book Riot!) collection of short stories around adoption is a great example of how focusing on a specific theme can be really insightful and fascinating, because you see such a wide range of experiences and thoughts on one specific topic. The Young Adult authors featured in this collection also employ creative formats in their stories, incorporating emails, blog entries, and journals, and these fictional offerings show the complexities and diversity of experience around being adopted. As a reader who was not adopted, it’s really exciting to understand, just a little bit better, how adoptees find their families and homes in this worldâ€"and to know how powerful it is for those who are adopted to see themselves reflected in so many different stories. Scratch: Writers, Money, and the Art of Making a Living, edited by Manjula Martin Should writers focus on art or business? In Manjula Martin’s collection, this debate develops new nuance as it explores the nature of both art for its own sake and art as a form of commerce. The contributors approach the same topic in myriad ways, offering well-rounded perspectives on the age-old tension between money and beauty. It’s a great example of how to illuminate a single topic in dozens of different lights, and how to write for an audience beyond just writersâ€"it’s great for anyone pursuing a labor of love, particularly in a creative field. My Mother She Killed Me, My Father He Ate Me: Forty New Fairy Tales, edited by Kate Bernheimer Who doesnt love modern twists on fairy tales? Kate Bernheimer brings together well-known authors to take on classic fairy tale tropes, with stories just as likely to feature magical animals as murderous husbands. Fairy tales can be both whimsical and dark, and this collection encapsulates that breadth very well. It’s perfect for fans of The Merry Spinster by Daniel Mallory Ortberg. What anthologies do you recommend?

Binary Compound Definition

Definition: A binary compound is a compound made up of two elements. Examples: Water (H2O) is a binary compound.

The Secret Service Agent ( Drug Enforcement Administration )

Do you have what it takes to become a secret service agents? What are the requirements to become a secret service agent? What are different types of agencies that an agent could work for? Well a secret service is an agent that protects and carry executive orders from their commanders to carry on their missions. The U.S Secret Service has two major areas they are required to do. They are to prevent financial crimes and protection who harms or threat our homeland which is the United States of America. They have missions that take place all over the world. Agents have different agencies they could work for like the DEA (Drug Enforcement Administration). The DEA which is the (Drug Enforcement Administration) was created by Richard Nixon through an Executive order in 1978. When the DEA was first created it had about 1,740 secret agents and a budget less than $75 million. Now in present time the agency now has about 5,000 agents and a budget that had increase to $2 million. The FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation) was created in 1908 while President Theodore Roosevelt was in office at the time. The FBI was created by Attorney General Charles Bonaparte. President Roosevelt and Charles Bonaparte all came to a meeting in the office to approved this agency. That’s when President Roosevelt had made Attorney Charles Bonaparte to head to be the General of the organization. Back in 1908 citizens of the United States appointed that they needed a federal investigate service so theShow MoreRelatedThe Department Of Alcohol, Tobacco, And Firearms1036 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms, U.S. Marshals Service, and U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration. We must answer the following question: What are the mission or goal of these agencies? When were they established? Briefly discuss each of the agencies history. Discuss some of the difference between these agencies. The first agency is called the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms. The mission for the ATF is a â€Å"Law enforcement agency in the United State Department of Justice that protectsRead MoreA Report On The United States Customs Enforcement Agency1030 Words   |  5 PagesJacob Bertuglia Prof. Keilholtz CRJ-110 March 4, 2017 A Report on the Current State of The US Immigration and Customs Enforcement Agency And The US Secret Service 1. US Immigration and Customs Enforcement Agency. A. The mission of ICE is to enforce laws regarding the safety of the US such as immigration and customs laws, investigate and make necessary arrests in cases of the violation of these laws and if necessary, facilitate transfers of offenders to the custody of additional agencies dependingRead MoreThe United States Secret Service1112 Words   |  5 PagesThe United States Secret Service is one of the oldest federal law enforcement agencies in the country, and one of the most elite in the world. Secret Service’s mission is to protect the president, vice president and others; and investigations into crimes against the financial infrastructure of the United States (USSS History. (n.d.). By law, the Secret Service is authorized to protect the president, vice president, the president elect, and vice president elect. The immediate families of those individualsRead MoreDepartment of Homeland Security1073 Words   |  4 Pagesand Human Services, Justice, Transportation and Treasury departments. Those independent agencies were combined and reorganized in the new department (DHS). Among the agencies with functions related to homeland security that were not included in DHS were the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Central Intelligence Agency and National Security Agency. To take a closer look inside some of the agencies that fall under DHS my first selection to research was Transportation Security Administration (TSA). 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Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Free Essays

string(93) " main theories that assisted in paving the route to what he believed was self-actualization\." Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and the Road to Self-Actualization PSY 330: Theories of Personality January 30th, 2012 Abraham Maslow: Hierarchy of Needs and the Road to Self-Actualization Abraham Maslow was an American theorist that was one of the advocates of humanistic psychology. He believed that self-actualization is â€Å"a situation that exists when a person is acting in accordance with his or her full potential† (Hergenhahn Olson, 2011). I will illustrate the key concepts of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs of humans, research the methodologies of his concept, and address how self-actualization has conceptualized on this type of personality development. We will write a custom essay sample on Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs or any similar topic only for you Order Now His contribution to humanistic psychology has helped self-help enthusiasts, educators, and business proprietors alike. Maslow’s hierarchy of need was one of the main theories that assisted in paving the route to what he believed was self-actualization. You read "Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs" in category "Essay examples" Because Positive regard assists in the growth of motivation, there are certain essential functional needs that human needs, and Humans can fulfill their full potential in a positive manner. Who was Abraham H. Maslow? Abraham Maslow was born in Brooklyn, New York on April 1, 1908. His parents were immigrants from Russia who were poor and had six other children after Abraham. He spent his time mostly by himself and liked to read. Being that he was Jewish in a neighborhood that was not he felt unhappy and lonely. As a child he had parents that were emotionally and verbally abusive towards him and over time he grew to have strong feelings of hatred especially for his mother. He eventually made amends with his father, but never did so with his mother. When Maslow transferred from City College of New York to Cornell University in 1927; his introduction to Psychology was unexceptional at best. Maslow’s professor Edward B. Tichener lectured â€Å"scientific introspection† that he found to be â€Å"cold and boring, and caused him to lose interest in psychology temporarily† (Hergenhahn Olson, 2011). A year later he went back to City College of New York. He went on to the University of Wisconsin where he received a Bachelor’s Degree in 1930, his Master’s Degree in 1931, and his Doctoral Degree in 1934. While living in Wisconsin, â€Å"Maslow married his first cousin and childhood sweetheart, Bertha Goodman, and they eventually had two children† (Hergenhahn Olson, 2011). In the mid 1930’s, Maslow worked as a Carnegie fellow for 18 months under theorist Edward L. Thorndike. Thorndike’s theories were similar to the studies of theorists Pavlov and B. F. Skinner. He theorized â€Å"animal intelligence and applied animal to human educational experiences† (Indiana. edu, 2012). Thorndike emphasis was on Behaviorism and Psychoanalysis. The type of people he was interested in like Albert Einstein were people that had solid evidence of them doing whatever they needed to do to achieve their highest potential. Maslow found their innovative ways of creativity to be one that needed to be studied and examined. Throughout the 1940’s and early 1950’s he continued to strengthen his interest with people that he considered to be â€Å"self-actualizers, looking back at history, he studied individuals such as Abraham Lincoln, Jane Adams, Albert Einstein and Albert Schweitzer† (strenghtfoundation. rg). By the late 1950’s, along with Clark Moustakeas, who was another revolutionary psychologist, set up â€Å"two meetings that were held in Detroit among psychologists who were interested in founding a professional association dedicated to a more meaningful, more humanistic vision† (strenghtfoundation. org). This was where the â€Å"Third Force†, Humanistic Psychology began to take form. Many topics were discussed that fell under the same umbrella on how self-actualization is manifested and what were the building blocks of one’s originality. Three years after the meetings Brandels University sponsored the introduction of the â€Å"American Association for Humanistic Psychology† (strenghtfoundation. org). This was the beginning of one of the groundbreaking contributions to Psychology Abraham Maslow has done. Another way that Maslow has contributed to Psychology by making sure through gatherings, meetings, lectures, and theory that the matter of humanistic psychology is just as valuable and needed to be taught as that of Pavlov’s theory of behaviorism and that of Freudian’s psychoanalysis theory. As a prophet of human potential, Maslow believed the realization of one’s total potential variously described as self-realization to be the ultimate goal of all human kind† (Dhiman, 2007). He did this with extensive research and by working with theorist that shared the same interests, like Carl Rogers. He did his bit on teaching at a university, but quickly found out that he did not like it very much and had the students teach the class as he monitored. The times that he did lecture the class, he asked questions that broaden the horizons of how the student saw themselves in the future. The questions were similar to â€Å"Who wants to be president? â€Å"Or a great composer†, and even an aspiration to be a saint? † (Dhiman, 2007). I believe this gave the students a platform to start thinking of a broader prospective for them and create what they needed to build their motivation to do and be anything that they can imagine to be. This drive or push in their self-esteem is one of the best ways to feel like they are needed and wanted. According to a book written and reviewed by R.J Lowry, it was an assembly of eight articles that were written by Maslow and his research on humans and the â€Å"character structure†; one of the articles depicted his â€Å"theory of human motivation and his concept on the hierarchy of human needs† (Lowry, 1975). Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human needs is one of his most popular theories. Maslow’s focal point on his theory of motivation was the concept was that humans have a set of needs. According to our text, the â€Å"hierarchy of human needs is an arrangement of the needs from lowest to highest in terms of their potency† (Hergenhahn Olson, 2011). see figure1). Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs [pic] Figure 1, Maslow Enhanced 2011. This figure illustrates the various levels of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs was one of the main theories that assisted in paving the route to what he believed was self-actualization. The lowest part of the pyramid is the Biological and Physiological needs. One would think that basic life needs like â€Å"air, food, drink, shelter, warmth, etc. , would be an essential need. How would we as humans, be able to live without it. To Maslow he didn’t look at it that way. According to Maslow, psychology has overemphasized the importance of such needs in determining the behavior of humans in a modern society; a person’s life cannot be dominated by hunger or thirst† (Hergenhahn Olson, 2011). He was interested in knowing what happens when the needs of the physiological nature have been met. The second tier on the pyramid is Safety Needs. Feeling safe and secure means so much for many. Having that need builds a sense of trust that everything is going to be alright. It is of great gratification for humans that are able to not worry about harm. Inching closer to the top and in actuality right in the middle is my favorite, Love Needs and Belongingness. This tier incorporates the need of affection, relationships, family, etc. Making a connection to a person and/or group is a very important need to some individuals. I’ve seen that the lack of this need has left some individuals feeling lonely and not having a sense of purpose. In some cases, these individuals ended up being very depressed. The fourth tier that is closest to the top and the second most important tier is Esteem Needs. According to the Journal of Asset Management, esteem needs are â€Å"the desire for achievement, confidence to face the world, independence, freedom, the desire for reputation and prestige, recognition, attention, and importance† (De Brouwer, 2009). I would think that these are the needs that one needs in order to build self-esteem. These needs include â€Å"respect, recognition, and confidence† (strenghtfoundation. org). Having this type of need is important in any dynamic of family, employees, friendship, and companionship. Feeling validated and a sense of importance can be viewed as really important, it did to Maslow. He advised that lack of esteem needs â€Å"results in discouragement and feelings of inferiority† (Hergenhahn Olson, 2011). The final and top tier is self-actualization. Self-actualization â€Å"the highest level in the hierarchy of needs, which can be reached only if the preceding need levels have been adequately satisfied† (Hergenhahn Olson, 2011). This is where the individual is living and being at their highest potential. The tier describes it as reaching the need of personal growth and fulfillment. As a student, I know that I am doing whatever there is possible to reach this need. I did once with my job. I felt that whatever task and/or issue that I was given gave me the necessary tools and resources to help me feel that I was on the right track of achieving this very need. Since then I was laid off with hundreds of others. I have yet found a job that I could feel that way again. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs has been used as a backdrop for corporate markets, economic structures, and personality development. For example, Maslow’s theory has been used to â€Å"predict development of Quality of Life in countries over time† (Hagerty, 1999). This prediction was done to a series of â€Å"88 countries from 1960-1994† (Hagerty, 1999). All were being researched against Maslow’s level of needs. Could humans and/or even countries strive and achieve growth and potential coming from a terrible circumstance. Do they have to have these needs in place to transition to the next level? Some people thought that Maslow’s theory could be challenged. A writer of an article about Maslow wrote: â€Å"that there were many people who have grown despite or even because of tough circumstances† (strenghtfoundation. org). Maslow did have some doubts but still stood by on how people thrive through a hopeful atmosphere. Human nature has shown differences and what are alike in this hierarchy of needs. Most of the examples are in social atmospheres. Teenagers for example seek acceptance from their peers. As a teen, I wanted to feel I was part of my group and I wanted them to like me. I saw how the treated those that they didn’t care for and I did not want that to happen to me. As I grew older I didn’t really have that need of acceptance. I see that my son as a young boy doesn’t care if he is accepted or not. He has friends, but he feels that he doesn’t have to jump through hoop to keep them or make them like him. Generally, it is common for most individuals to want to feel safe and secure. Having a sense of fear is not healthy. It can bring forth anxiety that could be detrimental to other areas in their life. Many humans see that they can’t live without the physiological need. If I was asked before reading more about the hierarchy of needs, I would say that that would be the most important need. If we don’t eat we will not survive. Maslow has me thinking twice. This need is a never ending cycle and we have to meet it. The other needs to some could be conditional or something that they don’t deem to be important. A healthy outlook would be that of seeing these needs as a transitional platform to move on to the next goal. Some of the time we don’t get everything aligned together and needs met when they are supposed to. These are the times when an individual can find that this experience could be difficult to deal with. This would be an example to be unhealthy. Some people would obsess on the fact that they are lacking, lonely, and not achieving their highest potential. Most people don’t really know how to handle these circumstances and deal with them on a negative way. Others know how to look at the glass as half full then half empty and take a more positive approach to achieving their needs. Maslow believed that â€Å"all human needs including the need for self-actualization were instinctoid, it must be the environment (society, culture) that determines the highest level of attainment in the hierarchy of needs† (Hergenhahn Olson, 2011). In my experience, the needs that are described in Maslow’s hierarchy are those that I am constantly tried to move up to and maintain for as long as I remember. The some such as love needs, physiological, and safety needs are constantly going in and out of not being met. I know that I don’t live my life dwelling on what I don’t have. I believe very much in myself that I would be able to have those needs met. In conclusion, theory of the achieving the goal to self-actualization relies on the hierarchy of needs that I have illustrated in depth. Individuals are given the opportunity to achieve these needs and move up higher in the tier. Maslow’s hierarchy of need was one of the main theories that assisted in paving the route to what he believed was self-actualization. Because Positive regard assists in the growth of motivation, there are certain essential functional needs that human needs, and humans can fulfill their full potential in a positive manner. References: Hergenhahn, B. Olson, M. (2011). An introduction to theories of personality (8th ed). De Brouwer, P.. (2009). Maslowian Portfolio Theory: An alternative formulation of the Behavioural Portfolio Theory. Journal of Asset Management, 9(6), 359-365. Retrieved January 29, 2012, from ABI/INFORM Global. (Document ID: 1645869911). Dhiman, S.. (2007). Personal Mastery: Our Quest for Self-Actualization, Meaning, and Highest Purpose. Interbeing, 1(1), 25-35. Retrieved January 29, 2012, from ABI/INFORM Global. (Document ID: 1680535071 Lowry, R. J. (1975). Dominance, Self Esteem, Self-Actualization: Germinal Papers. Contemporary Sociology, 4(5), 556-557. Retrieved January 24, 2012, from the Jstor database. Hagerty, Michael R. (1999). Testing Maslow’s hierarchy of needs: National quality-of-life across time. Social Indicators Research, 46(3), 249-271. Retrieved January 30, 2012, from ABI/INFORM Global. (Document ID: 42213750). Figure 1, Maslow Enhanced | CIBU – California International Business University. (2011, March 14). Bachelor Degree, MBA Program, Doctor of Business Administration: CIBU – California International Business University. Retrieved January 27, 2012, from http://cibu. edu/general-posts/maslow-enhanced/ Human Intelligence: Edward L. Thorndike. (2012, January 26). Indiana University. Retrieved January 29, 2012, from http://www. indiana. edu/~intell/ethorndike Abraham Maslow’s work on strengths – The Strengths Foundation. (n. d. ). Welcome to The Strengths Foundation – Sharing the Strengths Way of Encouraging People. Retrieved January 29, 2012, from http://www. thestrengthsfoundation. org/3-tips-for-understanding-abraham-maslows-work-on-strengths How to cite Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, Essay examples

THe Most Imporanf The Tsars Fall From Power. Essay Example For Students

THe Most Imporanf The Tsars Fall From Power. Essay Although some of the causes of the Tsars fall from power seem more important than others, it is hard to choose a most important cause because each cause links into another, which leads into another. However I have come up with two causes which I think were the most important in the downfall of the Tsar. One was a long-term cause, the foundations of all the other causes, without which the country would not have been in such a bad state. The second one is a short-term cause, which tipped the balance into the Revolution and subsequently the Tsars fall from power. The long-term cause is, Rominov mis-rule, and the short-term trigger is the 1st World War. The mis-rule of Russia by the Rominovs had been going on for many, many years, coming to a head with the Russian Revolution of 1917. The Rominovs especially Nicholas 2nd believed that they were appointed by G-d to rule the country, and that whatever they thought, must be right. This led them to rule the country for their own interests and for the interests of the rich and important, not for the interests of most of the population, the peasants. The Tsar didnt listen to the peasants or most of his ministers, appointing and firing them at will. The Tsar, by not listening to his people or caring about their needs, helped Russia to stay very economically backwards when compared to the rest of the world. This helps to link into the cause of social and economic hardships, another important cause. We will write a custom essay on THe Most Imporanf The Tsars Fall From Power. specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Many people believe that the influence of Rasputin was the reason that the Tsar fell from power, but I dont agree. Rasputin was an important factor in the lead upto the revolution and consequently the downfall of the Tsar. He was a rough, smelly peasant, who indulged in lots of sexual acts. The peasants resented him because he seemed to represent what was wrong with Russia. He was uncouth, showing the poor economic state of Russia and the poorness of the majority of its population. He was wild, showing the way that the Cossacks kept order and he was suspected of having an unfair with the Tsarina, degrading the royal family. However it was not Rasputin alone as some people think, that was the problems. It was the way that the media and Opposition groups portrayed him. However these still lead back to my original cause, Rominov mis-rule. Had the Tsar listened to his advisors, and ministers then he would have seen the Rasputin was bad for his reputation, and what the effect that making Rasputin influential in his decisions would be. Opposition Groups were another important factor in the downfall of the Tsar. However they were nowhere near as important as any of the two factors that I have chosen. There has always been and always will be opposition to any leading government/ruler. However Russia was the only government that suffered two revolutions in such a short space of time resulting in the downfall of the Tsar. Although it may be said that the Opposition groups were quite successful, this is mainly due to the fact that there were so many problems with the Tsar and the way that he ran the country, which comes back down to Rominov mis-rule, showing how all the factors are inter-linked and how Rominov mis-rule is the main underlying factor. As I said before, a factor, which I think was very important to the Tsars downfall, was the 1st World War. It was the final straw, the trigger that set off the fall of the Tsar. Why did the 1917 revolution end up with the Tsars downfall and not the 1905 revolution a few year s before? The one main thing that happened was that there was a World War. In July 1914, Imperial Russia declared war upon Germany and Austria-Hungary. The immediate effect of the outbreak of war, was that it helped get support for the monarchy. The Duma was suspended for some months and voluntary organisations were set up to help the war effort. Unofficial War Industry Committees were established in major cities and some provinces to bring together representatives

Theoretical Yield Worked Example Problem

Theoretical Yield Worked Example Problem This example problem demonstrates how to calculate the amount of reactant needed to produce a product. Problem Aspirin is prepared from the reaction of salicylic acid (C7H6O3) and acetic anhydride (C4H6O3) to produce aspirin (C9H8O4) and acetic acid (HC2H3O2). The formula for this reaction is:C7H6O3 C4H6O3 → C9H8O4 HC2H3O2.How many grams of salicylic acid are needed to make 1000 1-gram tablets of aspirin? (Assume 100% yield) Solution Step 1 - Find molar mass of aspirin and salicylic acidFrom the periodic table:Molar Mass of C 12 gramsMolar Mass of H 1 gramsMolar Mass of O 16 gramsMMaspirin (9 x 12 grams) (8 x 1 grams) (4 x 16 grams)MMaspirin 108 grams 8 grams 64 gramsMMaspirin 180 gramsMMsal (7 x 12 grams) (6 x 1 grams) (3 x 16 grams)MMsal 84 grams 6 grams 48 gramsMMsal 138 gramsStep 2 - Find mole ratio between aspirin and salicylic acidFor every mole of aspirin produced, 1 mole of salicylic acid was needed. Therefore the mole ratio between the two is one.Step 3 - Find grams of salicylic acid neededThe path to solving this problem starts with the number of tablets. Combining this with the number of grams per tablet will give the number of grams of aspirin. Using the molar mass of aspirin, you get the number of moles of aspirin produced. Use this number and the mole ratio to find the number of moles of salicylic acid needed. Use the molar mass of salicylic acid to find the grams needed. Putting all this together:grams salicylic acid 1000 tablets x 1 g aspirin/1 tablet x 1 mol aspirin/180 g of aspirin x 1 mol sal/1 mol aspirin x 138 g of sal/1 mol salgrams salicylic acid 766.67Â   Answer 766.67 grams of salicylic acid are needed to produce 1000 1-gram aspirin tablets.

The Novel Writer’s Secret Short Stories - Freewrite Store

The Novel Writer’s Secret Short Stories - Freewrite Store Today’s guest post is by author Jeff Somers.  He has published nine novels, including the  Avery Cates Series  of noir-science fiction novels from Orbit Books, the darkly hilarious crime novel  Chum  from Tyrus Books, and most recently tales of blood magic and short cons in the  Ustari Cycle. Go Short to Go Long: Going from Short Stories to Novels The Short Story is having a bit of a Moment these days. After a lengthy period of being overshadowed by longer-form fiction, readers, critics, and (most importantly) film and television producers seem to be waking up to the unique old-school pleasures of a short piece of fiction. Writers like George Saunders, who largely specialize in short stories (Lincoln in the Bardo was his first published novel), have bubbled into the mainstream- Jennifer Egan’s A Visit from the Goon Squad is composed of interlocked short stories, and it won the 2011 Pulitzer Prize. Some of the biggest movies of the past few years- like Arrival or The Curious Case of Benjamin Button- have been based on short stories. And Amazon just picked up Philip K. Dick’s Electric Dreams,an anthology series based on the short works of the famous sci-fi author. A lot of writers shy away from short stories. Stories don’t earn a whole lot of money, as a rule, and so can be seen as a poor use of a writer’s time. Plus, they’re tough to write; unlike a novel, where you can spin words upon words as you write through problems, the format is tight and constricted, requiring ruthless cutting and efficient plotting. This is also whyevery writer who aspires to write and sell a novel should be writing short stories- and a lot of them. Challenge: Accepted George R.R. Martin, a man who has managed to make writing huge, wordy novels look easy, once offered this piece of writing advice: â€Å"I would also suggest that any aspiring writer begin with short stories. These days, I meet far too many young writers who try to start off with a novel right off, or a trilogy, or even a nine-book series. That’s like starting in at rock climbing by tackling Mt. Everest. Short stories help you learn your craft.† The fact that writing a coherent short story that’s an affecting, complete piece of work is difficult is your first clue that you should be doing it. In fact, writing a short story exercises several writing muscles that will benefit your novel writing: Finishing. Probably the hardest part of writing any piece of fiction is getting to The End. Books often begin with a blaze of inspiration and excitement, then get bogged down in characters that don’t seem interesting, plots that go nowhere, and the slow creeping sense that you are a fraud and an impostor. Short stories train you to get from the beginning to the end without investing months or years of your time- and like any muscle memory, physical or mental, the more you get to The End the easier it becomes in the future. Efficiency. The open-ended expanse of novels (first drafts can be as flabby and overwritten as we like, after all) encourages experimentation and, to use a scientific term, noodling. All that noodling can bulk up your word count without actually moving the story forward or clarifying your characters’ motivations. Word count is a satisfying metric, making you feel like you’ve achieved something regardless of the quality of those words. But in a short story, there’s no room for noodling. Writing the short form forces you to cut your plot, your characterizations, and your world-building down to the essentials, making your game that much tighter. Creativity. Short stories also offer a way of capturing ideas when you don’t have time to work on a longer version of an idea. Haruki Murakami, the author of Kafka on the Shore and 1Q84 among many other amazing novels, once said â€Å"A short story I have written long ago would barge into my house in the middle of the night, shake me awake and shout, 'Hey, this is no time for sleeping! You can't forget me, there's still more to write!' Impelled by that voice, I would find myself writing a novel. In this sense, too, my short stories and novels connect inside me in a very natural, organic way.† In other words, sometimes a short story is just a short story, and sometimes it’s the tip of a novel-length iceberg. Short Stories Every Day When discussing the craft and process of writing, you’ll eventually hear that if you want to improve you need to write every day or as near to it as possible. The more you write (and the more you read), the better your writing will become because practice is an essential part of any skill or craft. Most of us have to work pretty hard to find the time to write every day, making that time precious. Your choice of what to work on during those precious hours (or minutes) is one of the most important decisions you’ll make as a writer. I strongly suggest you use that time to work on short stories unless you have a very clear concept and way forward for a novel. I’ve completed 35 novels. Many of those are awful, some are mediocre, and nine have been published (so far). One reason I’ve been able to plan, compose, and sell so many novels is that I write at least one short story every month, without fail. I started doing this thirty years ago, and I now have more than 500 stories written in long-hand in notebooks. When I finish one, I immediately start another. As with my novels, most of these aren’t great; I’ve sold about 40 over the years, and most of them never make it out of the notebooks at all. My goal isn’t necessarily to write a brilliant, publishable short story, though- those come as a side-effect of my true goal, which is to practice. To try different things. Working on a story each month means I can play around with a narrative device for a month, then capture an idea that’s been buzzing inside my head the next. After that, I can write a story focusing on a dialog trick I’ve thought of, and the month after that I can write my version of someone else’s story so I can tear apart their style, their mechanics, their tricks, and tics to see what can be seen. Every story I write, month after month, I’m trying something new, something that maybe I’m no good at, something that won’t work at all- but it’s low-risk, because at the end of the month I write The End and mo ve on to the next idea, the next experiment, the next challenge. This has had an incredibly positive effect on my longer works. First of all, some of these experiments lead to ideas and scenarios that grow naturally into novels- my book We Are Not Good People ultimately sprang from a pretty awful short story written a long, long time ago when I thought a mullet was an acceptable hairstyle. And every time I push myself to write a story in a new way, or using new, unfamiliar tools, I get a faint echo of that first crazy energy that drove me to write in the first place. And the fact that every day, without fail, I’m working on a new story means that my mind is always focused on writing and the mechanics of telling a tale, keeping me sharp. The TL;DR version is: Short stories for the Win. So, writers, how do you keep your skills and mind sharp even when your novel only exists as 4,000 Post-It Notes and a dream journal?    Jeff Somers (www.jeffreysomers.com) began writing by court order as an attempt to steer his creative impulses away from engineering genetic grotesqueries. He has published nine novels, including the Avery Cates Series of noir-science fiction novels from Orbit Books (www.avery-cates.com) and the Ustari Cycle  Series of urban fantasy novels. His short story Ringing the Changes was selected for inclusion in Best American Mystery Stories 2006,his story Sift, Almost Invisible, Through appeared in the anthology Crimes by Moonlight edited by Charlaine Harris, and his story Three Cups of Tea  appeared in the anthology Hanzai Japan. He also writes about books for Barnes and Noble and About.com and about the craft of writing for Writer’s Digest, which will publish his book on the craft of writing Writing Without Rules in 2018. He lives in Hoboken with his wife, The Duchess, and their cats. He considers pants to always be optional.

Research on Sharia law Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

On Sharia law - Research Paper Example , the origins of Sharia laws derive from a combination of laws, like Roman laws, contents of the Holy Koran (qiyas), teachings of Prophet Mohammed and present day assimilations of ancient legal interpretations and treatises (ijmas). However, an interesting aspect of Shari has been that in their countries of acceptance and faith, different interpretations exist for these laws. Modernists, traditionalists and fundamentalists all hold different views of Sharia, as do adherents to different schools of Islamic thought and scholarship. Different countries and cultures have varying interpretations of Sharia as well. Thus, Sharia practices in African countries may be quite different from those in Arab countries. On the other hand, Muslim population in India may have different cultural and sociological interpretation of Sharia than what is being done in Indonesia, or Yemen, for that matter. Thus, what is important is the sociological background of these laws in the context of respective countries where these laws are followed. Moreover, it is also seen that Islam has two sub sects – Sunnis and Shias. It is now necessary to consider the differences between Sunni and Shia Muslims, which essentially finds the difference in religion but politics. This is primarily because it concerns leadership matters subsequent to the prophet’s era and what led to division of Muslim sect soon after the death Mohammed. When the question arose as to who would inherit the mantle of the Prophet, of one sect believed that leadership should be taken over by one of his worthy followers. But Shias believed th at leadership should move to the member of his own kith or kin, like his son- in- law, or nephew. Thus, major differences arose between Sunnis and Shias, such that the latter were not able to ever reconcile themselves to the fact that Ali’s descendants were not provided due leadership in the Muslim order after the lifetime of Prophet. Thus, they refused to accept the authority of Sunni

Jewish children and the Holocaust Research Paper

Jewish children and the Holocaust - Research Paper Example The odds of survival for the older children were comparatively higher as they could be used in ghettos and concentration camps for forced labour. The children who faced the Holocaust can be divided into three age segments: from infants to toddlers aged 6; children between ages of 7 and 12; and teenagers from age of 13 to 18. The chances of survival and the ability of performing labour at camps varied majorly between these age segments (Rosenberg 15). The ideology and the policies of Nazis specially targeted the Jews, which then resulted in the official German policy called ‘Final Solution’. The Jews and their children faced a lot of suffering at the Nazis’ hands; as soon as the Nazis came into power in January 1933, they restricted the rights of the Jewish children (Wiesel 33). The Jewish children in Germany began enduring a progressively hostile atmosphere after 1935. They faced alienation from their close friends, even aggression at their hands, and spiteful and unfriendly attitudes. The letters to editors of Der Stà ¼rmer, a Nazi tabloid by the German children, expose a reprehensible outburst of passion and foolishness against their classmates who were Jewish. Jewish and Gypsy children faced a massive amount of humiliations in the classrooms of Germany. The Social Darwinism as well as the degrading and oppressive doctrine of what was called the racial biology had a great role in humiliating these children and establishing their race as inferior. This resulted in development of education as a form of resistance in various Jewish schools in Germany after 1933, and it provided the background and experience for the secret schools which were created later in concentration camps and ghettos. Passed on 25th of April 1933, ‘The Law against Overcrowding in German Schools and Universities’ was among the initial laws that directly affected the students that were Jewish. This tyrannical law

The Fathers Rights in Child Custody Issues Essay -- essays research p

The Father's Rights in Child Custody Issues   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the United States today more than one-half of all marriages end in divorce. The purpose of this paper is to examine the reason why women have typically received custody of the children far more often than the fathers. In order to better understand child custody one must first examine how fathers have often times been left out of the picture, and conversely why mothers have had such hard times raising children on their own. This paper will first examine the perspective of a father who has lost custody of his children. A Fathers Perspective   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to many the custody of a child should be determined with the best interest of the child in mind. However, it is not easy for a judge to make such an important decision in such a short amount of time with limited information. Smith (2004) stated that, the simple fact of being a mother does not indicate a willingness or capacity to render a quality of care different than that which a father can provide. Some might argue that what Reynolds (2004) calls deadbeat dads, or in other words fathers who refuse to pay their child support, are often times confused with Turnips, who are ex-spouses who can not afford to pay child support. One example of a turnip is a father who is in prison; he is obviously not making money while he is on the inside. Now an example of a deadbeat dad is when the father is enjoying all the finer things in life and he cannot reach far enough into his...

An Analysis of Jack London’s Revolution Essay

â€Å"The time should be past for the mental attitude: â€Å"Revolution is atrocious. Sir, there is no revolution. † Likewise should the time be past for that other familiar attitude: â€Å"Socialism is slavery. Sir, it will never be. † It is no longer a question of dialectics, theories, and dreams. There is no question about it. The revolution is a fact. It is here now. Seven million revolutionists, organized, working day and night, are preaching the revolution–that passionate gospel, the Brotherhood of Man. Not only is it a cold-blooded economic propaganda, but it is in essence a religious propaganda with a fervour in it of Paul and Christ. The capitalist class has been indicted. It has failed in its management and its management is to be taken away from it. Seven million men of the working-class say that they are going to get the rest of the working-class to join with them and take the management away. The revolution is here, now. Stop it who can. † Final paragraph of Jack London’s ‘Revolution’, (1905). This extract from Jack London`s essay ‘Revolution’ was written during the 1905 Russian Revolution, which would culminate (and subsequently fail) later in the year. The purpose of the essay is to persuade the reader that revolution is not only a necessary and positive occurrence, but also an inevitable one, ‘The revolution is a fact. ‘ The extract develops in conviction throughout, opening with an almost passive recommendation to the reader, ‘The time should be past for the mental attitude,’ and closing on the only imperative sentence used throughout, ‘Stop it who can. ‘ I do not believe that the two quotes within the extract are from any specific person, but that they represent the former opinion of the working class as a whole, ‘Sir, there is no revolution. ‘ This is due to London describing this as a ‘familiar attitude’, and also the use of Sir suggests a person of lower status. Alliteration and sibilance are used to make particular phrases more memorable to the reader, ‘Socialism is slavery†¦ capitalist class. ‘ This may be subtle form of manipulation in itself, as phonetically the repetition of the ‘s’ provides a more pleasant sound than the harsh ‘c’, and communicates to the reader a more positive association for socialism than capitalism. This negative association for the capitalist class is then reinforced through the use of legal jargon, ‘capitalist class had been indicted. ‘ An indictment is a formal written accusation of a criminal offence (this would have been handed up by a grand jury in 1905), which implies that London believes the Russian leader’s failure is so great it amounts to an offence against the state. It is also somewhat symbolic, as in essence ‘Revolution’ is an indictment, with the essay serving as the written accusation and the London and his audience the grand jury. London uses many rhetorical devices throughout the extract, such as ethos, logos and pathos. Ethos relies on the reputation of the author or speaker, and London was one of the most successful writers of his time. I believe he was reasonably well known in 1905 (particularly as The Call of the Wild was published in 1903) and this would have given him the required credibility to successfully convey his opinion based on his name alone. He was also associated with socialism, having run (unsuccessfully) for mayor of Socialist Labour Party in his hometown. Pathos is an emotive tool and the essay title ‘Revolution’ could be considered as such as it is a concept that has strong emotional connotation. Pathos is also employed somewhat through the analogy made between revolution and religion, ‘it is in essence a religious propaganda. ‘ London may have chosen the comparison as religion (if it can be considered movement) is very successful. The comparison is also of note as London himself was an atheist and fond of deriving the Christian religion, which may explain why he chose the post modifier ‘propaganda’ as it has negative connotations. His lack of respect for religion is shown when the religious comparison is developed further, and the revolution becomes, ‘passionate gospel,’ with the ‘Brotherhood of Man’ revolutionaries becoming its followers. Logos is the logical element of rhetoric, and London presents a coherent argument as to why the revolutionaries would succeed. This begins with ‘Seven million revolutionists’ and ends with ‘with a fervor in it of Paul and Christ’. It is built of clauses and sentences that carry equal influence, arranged in a particular order that starts with fact and escalates into blasphemous hyperbole. London uses inductive reasoning as this allows him to use particular facts to form a theory that explains the relationship between them, therefore allowing predictions of future knowledge as claimed at the end. Many specific types of rhetorical features are also present, all of which communicate London`s ideas and persuade the reader to agree with him. Chiasmus is used, ‘It has failed in its management and its management is to be taken from it,’ to encapsulates two important ideas into one sentence, connecting them and highlighting their significance. London also uses a sentential adverb to interrupt the syntax, ‘The revolution is here, now,’ and this ensures the words ‘here’ and ‘now’ are stressed, as lexis either side of an apostrophe is emphasised. Antithesis is used to highlight a contrasting relationship between two ideas, ‘There is no question about it. The revolution is fact. ‘ By juxtaposing the simple declarative sentences in parallel form it appears obvious that something cannot be both a question and a fact, and placing ‘now’ at the end of the sentence provides it with the most emphasis and makes it more memorable. There is also an example of tripling, ‘a question of dialectics, theories, dreams. ‘ This provides contrast, both semantically and structurally, to, ‘revolution is a fact,’ and the hypothetical nature of the former increases the strength of the latter. In conclusion I believe Jack London successfully communicates his beliefs in the extract, and the rhetorical devices used allow him to make the piece confluent and consequently persuasive.

The Fourteen Points of Woodrow Wilson

The Fourteen Points were a set of diplomatic principles developed by the administration of President Woodrow Wilson during World War I. These were intended as a statement of American war aims as well as to provide a path to peace. Highly progressive, the Fourteen Points were generally well received when announced in January 1918 but some doubt existed as to whether they could be implemented in a practical sense. That November, Germany approached the Allies for a peace based on Wilsons ideas and an armistice was granted. In the Paris Peace Conference that followed, many of the points were set aside as the need for reparations, imperial competition, and a desire for revenge on Germany took precedence. Background In April 1917, the United States entered World War I on the side of the Allies. Previously angered by the sinking of Lusitania, President Woodrow Wilson led the nation to war after learning of the Zimmermann Telegram and Germanys resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare. Though possessing a massive pool of manpower and resources, the United States required time to mobilize its forces for war. As a result, Britain and France continued to bear the brunt of the fighting in 1917 as their forces took part in the failed Nivelle Offensive as well as the bloody battles at Arras and Passchendaele. With American forces preparing for combat, Wilson formed a study group in September 1917 to develop the nations formal war aims. The Inquiry Known as the Inquiry, this group was headed by Colonel Edward M. House, a close advisor to Wilson, and guided by philosopher Sidney Mezes. Possessing a wide variety of expertise, the group also sought to research topics that could be key issues at a postwar peace conference. Guided by the tenets of progressivism which had steered American domestic policy during the previous decade, the group worked to apply these principles to the international stage. The result was a core list of points which stressed self-determination of peoples, free trade, and open diplomacy. Reviewing the Inquirys work, Wilson believed that it could serve as the basis for a peace agreement. President Woodrow Wilson addresses Congress on January 8, 1918. Public Domain Wilsons Speech Going before a joint session of Congress on January 8, 1918, Wilson outlined American intentions and presented the Inquirys work as the Fourteen Points. Largely drafted by Mezes, Walter Lippmann, Isaiah Bowman, and David Hunter Miller, the points stressed the elimination of secret treaties, the freedom of the seas, limitations on armaments, and the resolution of imperial claims with the goal of self-determination for colonial subjects. Additional points called for the German withdrawal from occupied parts of France, Belgium, and Russia as well as encouragement for the latter, then under Bolshevik rule, to remain in the war. Wilson believed that international acceptance of the points would lead to a just and lasting peace. The Fourteen Points as set forth by Wilson were: The Fourteen Points I. Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at, after which there shall be no private international understandings of any kind but diplomacy shall proceed always frankly and in the public view. II. Absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas, outside territorial waters, alike in peace and in war, except as the seas may be closed in whole or in part by international action for the enforcement of international covenants. III. The removal, so far as possible, of all economic barriers and the establishment of an equality of trade conditions among all the nations consenting to the peace and associating themselves for its maintenance. IV. Adequate guarantees given and taken that national armaments will be reduced to the lowest point consistent with domestic safety. V. A free, open-minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims, based upon a strict observance of the principle that in determining all such questions of sovereignty the interests of the populations concerned must have equal weight with the equitable claims of the government whose title is to be determined. VI. The evacuation of all Russian territory and such a settlement of all questions affecting Russia as will secure the best and freest cooperation of the other nations of the world in obtaining for her an unhampered and unembarrassed opportunity for the independent determination of her own political development and national policy and assure her of a sincere welcome into the society of free nations under institutions of her own choosing; and, more than a welcome, assistance also of every kind that she may need and may herself desire. The treatment accorded Russia by her sister nations in the months to come will be the acid test of their good will, of their comprehension of her needs as distinguished from their own interests, and of their intelligent and unselfish sympathy. VII. Belgium, the whole world will agree, must be evacuated and restored, without any attempt to limit the sovereignty which she enjoys in common with all other free nations. No other single act will serve as this will serve to restore confidence among the nations in the laws which they have themselves set and determined for the government of their relations with one another. Without this healing act the whole structure and validity of international law is forever impaired. VIII. All French territory should be freed and the invaded portions restored, and the wrong done to France by Prussia in 1871 in the matter of Alsace-Lorraine, which has unsettled the peace of the world for nearly fifty years, should be righted, in order that peace may once more be made secure in the interest of all. IX. A readjustment of the frontiers of Italy should be effected along clearly recognizable lines of nationality. X. The peoples of Austria-Hungary, whose place among the nations we wish to see safeguarded and assured, should be accorded the freest opportunity of autonomous development. XI. Rumania, Serbia, and Montenegro should be evacuated; occupied territories restored; Serbia accorded free and secure access to the sea; and the relations of the several Balkan states to one another determined by friendly counsel along historically established lines of allegiance and nationality; and international guarantees of the political and economic independence and territorial integrity of the several Balkan states should be entered into. XII. The Turkish portions of the present Ottoman Empire should be assured a secure sovereignty, but the other nationalities which are now under Turkish rule should be assured an undoubted security of life and an absolutely unmolested opportunity of an autonomous development, and the Dardanelles should be permanently opened as a free passage to the ships and commerce of all nations under international guarantees. XIII. An independent Polish state should be erected which should include the territories inhabited by indisputably Polish populations, which should be assured a free and secure access to the sea, and whose political and economic independence and territorial integrity should be guaranteed by international covenant. XIV. A general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike. Reaction Though Wilsons Fourteen Points were well received by the public at home and abroad, foreign leaders were skeptical as to whether they could be effectively applied to the real world. Leery of Wilsons idealism, leaders such as David Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau, and Vittorio Orlando were hesitant to accept the points as formal war aims. In an effort to gain support from the Allied leaders, Wilson tasked House with lobbying their behalf. Prime Minister David Lloyd George. Library of Congress On October 16, Wilson met with British intelligence chief, Sir William Wiseman, in an effort to secure Londons approval. While Lloyd Georges government was largely supportive, it refused to honor the point regarding freedom of the seas and also desired to see a point added regarding war reparations. Continuing to work through diplomatic channels, the Wilson Administration secured support for the Fourteen Points from France and Italy on November 1. This internal diplomatic campaign among the Allies paralleled a discourse that Wilson was having with German officials which began on October 5. With the military situation deteriorating, the Germans finally approached the Allies regarding an armistice based on the terms of the Fourteen Points. This was concluded on November 11 at Compià ¨gne and brought an end to the fighting. Paris Peace Conference As the Paris Peace Conference began in January 1919, Wilson quickly found that actual support for the Fourteen Points was lacking on the part of his allies. This was largely due to the need for reparations, imperial competition, and a desire to inflict a harsh peace on Germany. As the talks progressed, Wilson was increasingly unable to garner acceptance of his Fourteen Points. Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau. Library of Congress In an effort to appease the American leader, Lloyd George and Clemenceau consented to the formation of the League of Nations. With several of the participants goals conflicting, the talks moved slowly and ultimately produced a treaty which failed to please any of the nations involved. The final terms of the treaty, which included little of Wilsons Fourteen Points on which German had agreed to the armistice, were harsh and ultimately played a key role in setting the stage for World War II.